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Your student loan options, explained.

Every federal repayment plan, forgiveness program, and outside source of help — what each one does, who qualifies, and where to apply. No account needed.

This page is general information, not advice about your loans. Nothing here is personalized and we don't ask for your loan details. Program rules change often — each item shows its source and the date we last checked it.

Want to know which of these apply to your loans? Create a free account or try it without one — no credit check either way.

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Four questions decide almost everything.

Not a quiz and not a form — just the four variables that gate every program below. Once you know your answers, most of this page either applies to you or doesn't.

Are your loans federal or private?

This decides more than anything else. Income-driven repayment, every forgiveness program, and federal hardship protections exist only on federal loans. Private lenders set their own terms and owe you none of it. If you don't know whether your loans are federal, check studentaid.gov — federal loans appear there, private ones don't.

Who is your employer?

Public Service Loan Forgiveness turns on the employer, not the job title. Government agencies and 501(c)(3) nonprofits qualify; for-profit companies don't, however public-spirited the work. Separately, many employers pay toward loans as a benefit — that has nothing to do with federal rules and everything to do with your HR department.

How does your income compare to your balance?

Income-driven plans are worth most when the balance is large relative to what you earn, because the payment is capped and the remainder is eventually forgiven. When your income comfortably covers a standard payment, staying on Standard costs less in total interest and finishes sooner.

Are your loans current, in deferment, or in default?

Status decides which door is even open. Current loans can switch plans freely. Loans in deferment or forbearance usually aren't accruing qualifying months toward forgiveness. Loans in default have to be rehabilitated or consolidated back into good standing before most programs will accept them.

Section 2

Federal repayment plans.

These change what you pay each month, not what you owe. Every one of them applies to federal loans only.

Standard (10-year)

Fixed monthly payments that clear your federal balance in ten years.

The default plan every federal borrower starts on. Best if you can afford the payment, because it costs the least total interest of any federal option.

Key rules

  • Fixed payment amount for up to 120 months.
  • Available on Direct, FFEL and Consolidation loans.
  • Payments count toward Public Service Loan Forgiveness.

Not for you if

  • Not for you if the fixed payment is more than your budget can carry — an income-driven plan exists for that.
  • Private loans are not eligible; your lender sets those terms.

Common mistake

Switching off Standard to lower a payment without checking that the new plan still counts toward forgiveness.

No estimate — your amount depends on your balance, rate, income, and family size, and this page has none of them.

Your amount depends on your balance, rate, income, and family size. The studentaid.gov Loan Simulator will give you a figure.

studentaid.gov — Repayment plans Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Standard for consolidation loans (tiered term)

The standard plan, but the term stretches with the size of a consolidation loan.

Borrowers who combined their federal loans into a Direct Consolidation Loan and want fixed payments over a longer term.

Key rules

  • Applies only to a Direct Consolidation Loan.
  • The repayment period grows with the consolidated balance, up to 30 years.
  • Payments are fixed for the whole term.

Not for you if

  • Not for you if you never consolidated — the ordinary 10-year Standard plan applies instead.

Common mistake

Consolidating purely to get a longer term, which restarts any progress toward income-driven forgiveness.

No estimate — your amount depends on your balance, rate, income, and family size, and this page has none of them.

Your amount depends on your balance, rate, income, and family size. The studentaid.gov Loan Simulator will give you a figure.

studentaid.gov — Loan consolidation Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Graduated

Payments start low and step up every two years, finishing inside ten years.

Borrowers early in a career who expect income to rise and want breathing room now without leaving the standard timeline.

Key rules

  • Payments increase roughly every two years.
  • The term is still up to ten years for non-consolidation loans.
  • No payment is ever less than the interest accruing that month.

Not for you if

  • Not for you if your income is flat — total interest is higher than Standard.
  • Not a hardship plan; it does not adjust to your actual income.

Common mistake

Assuming the low first payment is the plan's real cost, then being surprised by the step-ups.

No estimate — your servicer sets the starting payment and the step-up schedule, and we won't publish a figure we can't cite.

Your amount depends on your balance, rate, income, and family size. The studentaid.gov Loan Simulator will give you a figure.

studentaid.gov — Graduated plan Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Extended

Stretches federal repayment to 25 years for a lower monthly payment.

Borrowers with a large federal balance who need a smaller fixed payment and don't expect to pursue forgiveness.

Key rules

  • Requires more than $30,000 in Direct Loan balance.
  • Term runs up to 25 years, with fixed or graduated payments.

Not for you if

  • Not for you if your balance is under the threshold.
  • Not for you if you're pursuing PSLF — Extended payments do not qualify.

Common mistake

Choosing Extended for the lower payment while working in public service, which quietly stops the forgiveness clock.

No estimate — your amount depends on your balance, rate, income, and family size, and this page has none of them.

Your amount depends on your balance, rate, income, and family size. The studentaid.gov Loan Simulator will give you a figure.

studentaid.gov — Extended plan Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Income-Based Repayment (IBR)

Caps your payment against discretionary income, with forgiveness at the end.

Federal borrowers whose payment is unaffordable at the standard amount, and anyone pursuing PSLF who needs a qualifying plan.

Key rules

  • Payment is a percentage of discretionary income, recalculated each year.
  • You must recertify income and family size annually.
  • Remaining balance is forgiven at the end of the plan term.
  • Payments count toward Public Service Loan Forgiveness.

Not for you if

  • Parent PLUS loans are not eligible for IBR.
  • Private loans are never eligible for any income-driven plan.

Common mistake

Missing the annual recertification, which snaps the payment back to the standard amount and capitalizes unpaid interest.

No estimate — your amount depends on your balance, rate, income, and family size, and this page has none of them.

Your amount depends on your balance, rate, income, and family size. The studentaid.gov Loan Simulator will give you a figure.

studentaid.gov — Income-driven repayment Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR)

The income-driven plan a consolidated Parent PLUS loan can reach.

Parent PLUS borrowers who consolidated, and other federal borrowers who don't qualify for IBR.

Key rules

  • Payment tracks income over a long term.
  • A Parent PLUS loan qualifies only after a Direct Consolidation Loan.
  • Annual income recertification is required.

Not for you if

  • Not for you if an unconsolidated Parent PLUS loan is all you hold — consolidate first.
  • Private loans are not eligible.

Common mistake

Believing a Parent PLUS loan can enter an income-driven plan directly, without consolidating it first.

No estimate — your amount depends on your balance, rate, income, and family size, and this page has none of them.

Your amount depends on your balance, rate, income, and family size. The studentaid.gov Loan Simulator will give you a figure.

studentaid.gov — Income-driven repayment Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP)

A federal plan set from adjusted gross income, with its own forgiveness horizon.

Federal borrowers moving onto the newest income-driven structure as older plans are phased out.

Key rules

  • The payment is calculated from adjusted gross income.
  • It carries its own forgiveness horizon, separate from older income-driven terms.
  • Annual income certification is required.

Not for you if

  • Parent PLUS loans are outside RAP.
  • Private loans are not eligible.

Common mistake

Assuming the transition from an older income-driven plan happens automatically — confirm your plan with your servicer in writing.

No estimate — we don't hold a verified payment schedule for this plan, so we won't quote a figure.

Your amount depends on your balance, rate, income, and family size. The studentaid.gov Loan Simulator will give you a figure.

studentaid.gov — Income-driven repayment Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Section 3

Forgiveness and discharge.

These cancel debt outright. All of them are free to apply for — anyone charging you a fee to file is selling you paperwork you can do yourself.

Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF)

Forgives your remaining federal balance after ten years of qualifying public service payments.

Full-time employees of government agencies and 501(c)(3) nonprofits with Direct Loans.

Key rules

  • 120 qualifying monthly payments — they do not have to be consecutive.
  • Payments must be made on a qualifying plan (income-driven or Standard 10-year).
  • Direct Loans only — FFEL and Perkins loans must be consolidated first.
  • You must be employed full time by a qualifying employer for each month you count.
  • The forgiven amount is not taxed as federal income.

Not for you if

  • Not for you if you work for a for-profit employer, even in a public-facing role.
  • Not for you if your loans are private — no federal forgiveness applies.

Common mistake

Two errors cost people years: payments made on the wrong plan or the wrong loan type don't count at all, and employer certification should be filed every year — not saved up and submitted at the end.

No estimate — your qualifying payment count comes from your servicer's record, which this page can't see.

studentaid.gov — PSLF Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Forgiveness at the end of an income-driven term

Any balance left after a full income-driven repayment term is cancelled.

Federal borrowers on an income-driven plan whose balance is large relative to income.

Key rules

  • You must stay on a qualifying income-driven plan and recertify each year.
  • The remaining balance is forgiven at the end of the plan's term.
  • Months in most deferments and forbearances do not count.

Not for you if

  • Not for you if you can clear the balance on Standard — you'd pay more interest waiting.
  • Private loans are not eligible.

Common mistake

Switching plans repeatedly, which can reset or pause the count of qualifying months.

No estimate — the forgiven amount depends on your income path over decades, which nobody can state as a figure today.

studentaid.gov — Income-driven forgiveness Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Total and Permanent Disability (TPD) discharge

Cancels federal loans for borrowers who cannot work due to disability.

Borrowers with a qualifying VA determination, Social Security determination, or a physician's certification.

Key rules

  • Documentation from the VA, the Social Security Administration, or a physician is required.
  • Applies to Direct, FFEL and Perkins loans plus TEACH Grant service obligations.
  • Many borrowers are identified automatically through federal data matching.
  • A post-discharge monitoring period may apply.

Not for you if

  • Private loans are not covered; ask your lender about their own policy.

Common mistake

Paying a company to file the application — it is free through the Department of Education.

No estimate — discharge is all-or-nothing and depends on a determination we can't see.

studentaid.gov — TPD discharge Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Teacher Loan Forgiveness

Cancels part of a teacher's federal loans after five years at a qualifying school.

Teachers in a low-income school or educational service agency.

Key rules

  • Five complete and consecutive academic years of full-time teaching.
  • The school must appear in the federal Teacher Cancellation Low Income directory.
  • Up to $17,500 for qualifying math, science and special education teachers; up to $5,000 otherwise.
  • Applies to Direct and FFEL loans.

Not for you if

  • Not for you if the same service months are already counted toward PSLF — you cannot double-count them.
  • Perkins and private loans are not covered.

Common mistake

Claiming the teacher benefit for years that would have been worth far more counted toward PSLF.

No estimate — the award depends on your subject, school and loan mix, none of which this page holds.

studentaid.gov — Teacher Loan Forgiveness Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Closed-school and borrower-defense discharge

Cancels federal loans when a school closed or misled you.

Borrowers whose school shut down while they were enrolled, or who were misled about what they were buying.

Key rules

  • Closed-school discharge applies if you were enrolled, or withdrew shortly before closure.
  • Borrower defense requires evidence the school misrepresented what it offered.
  • Applications are filed directly with the Department of Education.

Not for you if

  • Not available if you completed the program through a teach-out at another school.
  • Private loans are not covered.

Common mistake

Paying a debt-relief company to file, when the application is free and the company cannot improve your odds.

No estimate — outcomes are decided case by case, so no figure can be stated in advance.

studentaid.gov — Discharge options Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Section 4

Help that doesn't come from your servicer.

Money toward your loans from an employer, a state, or a service commitment. Your servicer will never tell you about any of it.

Employer repayment assistance and tuition benefits

Your employer pays money toward your loans or your tuition, tax-free.

Anyone employed by a company that offers educational assistance — far more people than realise it.

Key rules

  • Employers may contribute tax-free toward student loans under Section 127 of the tax code.
  • Benefits are typically a monthly amount with an annual or lifetime cap.
  • Contributions are usually paid to your servicer, not to you.
  • Enrolment normally runs through HR, with proof of the loan.

Not for you if

  • Not available if your employer doesn't offer the benefit — but ask before assuming.

Common mistake

Never asking. Ask HR two things: does the company offer educational assistance, and does it cover student loan repayment as well as tuition? Many employees never learn their own benefit exists.

No estimate — only your employer's plan document states the amount.

IRS — Employer educational assistance Rule source: Internal Revenue Service — verified August 10, 2026

State loan repayment programs

States pay down loans for workers in shortage professions and areas.

Residents working in a profession a state is trying to staff — most often health care, teaching, and public defense or legal aid.

Key rules

  • Programs are usually tied to a specific profession and a designated shortage area.
  • Most require a service commitment, with awards paid annually while you serve.
  • Eligibility, funding and deadlines are set by each state and reset each year.
  • Some states treat the award as taxable income.

Not for you if

  • Not for you if your profession isn't on your state's list, or you can't commit to the service period.

Common mistake

Assuming your state has nothing. Programs open and close with each budget cycle — check the state agency directly rather than a third-party list.

No estimate — awards differ in every state and change each budget year, so no single figure is honest.

studentaid.gov — State agency finder Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Service-based programs (military, AmeriCorps, health corps)

Service commitments that repay loans or fund an education award.

People serving in the military, AmeriCorps or Peace Corps, or in federal health service corps placements.

Key rules

  • Military branches run their own loan repayment programs, negotiated at enlistment.
  • AmeriCorps service earns a Segal Education Award usable for qualifying loans.
  • National Health Service Corps repayment requires service in a shortage area.
  • Some service months can also count toward PSLF when the employer qualifies.

Not for you if

  • Not for you if you can't take on the service commitment, which is typically multi-year.

Common mistake

Not asking whether the service period also counts toward PSLF — for many placements it does, and that's worth more than the award itself.

No estimate — each program sets its own award, and terms are negotiated individually.

studentaid.gov — Forgiveness, cancellation and discharge Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

Section 5

Refinancing: when it helps and when it costs you.

Refinancing private loans to a lower rate is usually straightforward upside. Refinancing federal loans converts them permanently to private debt and forfeits income-driven repayment, every forgiveness program, and federal hardship protections. This site earns nothing from refinancing referrals.

Refinancing private loans

Replacing a private loan with a new private loan at a lower rate.

Borrowers with private loans, steady income and good credit, whose current rate is above what lenders are quoting today.

Key rules

  • A new lender pays off the old loan and issues a new one at a new rate and term.
  • Approval and rate depend on credit and income, not on the original loan.
  • There are no federal protections to lose, because there were none to begin with.

Not for you if

  • Not for you if the new rate isn't meaningfully lower, or the term stretches so far that total interest rises.

Common mistake

Comparing monthly payments instead of total interest — a longer term can look cheaper monthly and cost far more overall.

No estimate — the rate you'd be offered depends on an underwriting decision we can't make.

CFPB — What is student loan refinancing? Rule source: Consumer Financial Protection Bureau — verified August 10, 2026

Refinancing federal loans into a private loan

Converts federal loans permanently to private debt at a new rate.

A narrow group: high earners with secure income, no interest in forgiveness, and a materially lower rate on offer.

Key rules

  • The conversion is permanent — federal loans cannot be restored afterwards.
  • You forfeit income-driven repayment, all federal forgiveness programs, and federal deferment and forbearance protections.
  • Consolidation with the Department of Education is a different thing and keeps loans federal.

Not for you if

  • Not for you if you work in public service or might in future.
  • Not for you if your income could fall, or if you might ever need an income-driven payment.

Common mistake

Trading permanent protections for a rate saving that a single job loss wipes out. This site earns nothing from refinancing referrals, so there's no reason for us to nudge you toward it.

No estimate — any saving depends on a private lender's offer, and the protections you'd give up have no price.

studentaid.gov — Federal consolidation (not refinancing) Rule source: U.S. Department of Education — Federal Student Aid — verified August 10, 2026

If you might ever need income-driven payments or forgiveness, don't refinance federal loans — the rate saving is almost never worth it.

Section 6

What this page can't tell you.

This page lists what exists. It can't tell you which plan is cheapest for your balance, whether your employer qualifies for forgiveness, how many qualifying payments you've made, or what happens to your payoff date if you add $100 a month. That needs your numbers. Add your loans and we'll build a personalized report — free, no credit check.

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We track what you enter. We're not your servicer and we don't move your money.

Looking for current interest rates, the pay-off-versus-invest framework, the glossary, or the full list of official links? Those live in Resources (in your account).